Research

Books

Spatially Fractionated, Microbeam and FLASH Radiation Therapy: A physics and multi-disciplinary approach

Editors: Hualin Zhang and Nina A Mayr

clinical trial designs

1. Amendola BE, Mahadevan A, Blanco Suarez JM, Griffin RJ, Wu X, Perez NC, Hippe DS, Simone CB 2nd, Mohiuddin M, Mohiuddin M, Snider JW, Zhang H, Le QT, Mayr NA. (2022 Aug 31). An International Consensus on the Design of Prospective Clinical-Translational Trials in Spatially Fractionated Radiation Therapy for Advanced Gynecologic Cancer. Cancers (Basel), 14;(17):. doi: 10.3390/cancers14174267

2. Mayr NA, Snider JW, Regine WF, Mohiuddin M, Hippe DS, Peñagarícano J, Mohiuddin M, Kudrimoti MR, Zhang H, Limoli CL, Le QT, Simone CB 2nd. (2022 Mar-Apr). An International Consensus on the Design of Prospective Clinical-Translational Trials in Spatially Fractionated Radiation Therapy. Adv Radiat Oncol, 7;(2):100866. doi: 10.1016/j.adro.2021.100866

lattice therapy physics

1. Li K, Yin Y, Liu T, Dai T, Zhu J, Li Z. (2025 Dec). Impact of Intra-fractional respiratory motion on dose distribution in lattice radiotherapy for liver tumors. Precis Radiat Oncol, 9;(4):274-283. doi: 10.1002/pro6.70044

2. Kou Y, Xu K, Zhu K, Jiang S, Feng R, Dou X, Xu L, Zhang X, Shi F, Liu X, Gong Z, Yue J. (2025 Dec). Efficacy and safety evaluation of radiotherapy approach based on spatially fractionated radiotherapy and stereotactic core ablative radiation therapy technologies for bone metastatic malignant tumors with soft tissue formation: A randomized controlled phase II trial. Precis Radiat Oncol, 9;(4):260-265. doi: 10.1002/pro6.70036

3. Tong X, Zhang W, Zhu YN, Hong X, Wang C, Setianegara J, Lin Y, Gao H. (2026 Jan). Dose optimization with fully flexible vertex positioning for LATTICE radiotherapy. Med Phys, 53;(1):e70262. doi: 10.1002/mp.70262

4. Shinde N, Zhang W, Lin Y, Gao H. (2026 Jan). Minibeam-pLATTICE: A novel proton LATTICE modality using minibeams. Med Phys, 53;(1):e70250. doi: 10.1002/mp.70250

5. Sun Q, Hu Y, Sun Z, Du L, Huang R, Wang L, Cui Z, Yang J, Ma X, Li M. (2025). Spatially optimized 125I brachytherapy: a novel immunomodulatory approach based on spatially fractionated radiation therapy principles. Front Oncol, 15;():1693574. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1693574

6. Wei S, Qi H, Xu L, Selvaraj B, Zhao X, Zheng A, Vermeulen M, Lee NY, Bakst R, Guha C, Tsai P, Kang M, Wu X, Yacoub I, Choi JI, Chhabra A, Simone CB 2nd, Lin H. (2025 Dec). Proton pencil beam scanning ultra-high dose rate 3D lattice radiotherapy: A proof-of-concept FLASH SFRT study. Med Phys, 52;(12):e70187. doi: 10.1002/mp.70187

7. An C, Dai Z, Dai Z, Li J, Tan X, Jia Y, Jiang D, Liu H, Nie Y. (2025 Dec 18). VHEE-SSB grid: spot-scanning beam enabled spatially fractionated and FLASH radiotherapy with very high energy electron beams. Phys Med Biol, 70;(24):. doi: 10.1088/1361-6560/ae25b1

8. Unterkirhers S, Besserer J, Bley CR. (2025 Oct 27). Tumor geometry adjusted lattice structures for animal spatially fractionated SBRT. Z Med Phys, ;():. pii: S0939-3889(25)00131-X. doi: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2025.10.004

9. Iatì G, Ferrantelli G, Pergolizzi S, Ferini G, Venuti V, Chillari F, Sciacca M, Zagardo V, Siragusa C, Santacaterina A, Brogna A, Parisi S. (2025 Oct 2). Low Radiation Doses to Gross Tumor Volume in Metabolism Guided Lattice Irradiation Based on Lattice-01 Study: Dosimetric Evaluation and Potential Clinical Research Implication. J Pers Med, 15;(10):. doi: 10.3390/jpm15100470

10. Zhu YN, Zhang W, Lin Y, Gao H. (2025 Jan-Dec). Equivalent-Uniform-Dose Optimization for Spatially Fractionated Radiation Therapy. Technol Cancer Res Treat, 24;():15330338251380609. doi: 10.1177/15330338251380609

11. Sait AA, Sa Y, Khemissi A, Patel U, Mani S, Paloor S, Hammoud R. (2025 Oct). Evaluating the Ethos automated planning system for spatially fractionated radiotherapy. J Appl Clin Med Phys, 26;(10):e70306. doi: 10.1002/acm2.70306

12. Hara D, Abou-Mourad H, Antolak JA, Thull JC, Laack NN, Self C, Fernandez-Rodriguez A, Prezado Y, Tseung HSWC, Breen WG, Lester SC, Mutter RW, Park SS, Grams MP. (2025 Oct). Mini-lattice radiation therapy: A treatment planning approach to miniaturize spatially fractionated lattice radiation therapy using a clinical linear accelerator. Med Phys, 52;(10):e70027. doi: 10.1002/mp.70027

13. Singh AK, Singh S, Sen S, Vijay A, Dipesh, Bhushan M, Mahipal, Omar M. (2025 Nov). Optimization and Quality Assurance of VMAT-Driven Lattice Radiotherapy in Large Tumors Across Anatomical Sites. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol), 47;():103936. doi: 10.1016/j.clon.2025.103936

14. Yuan K, Zhou X, Guo H, Peng Y, Xu P, Li L, Li J, Li H, Lu S, Feng M, Lang J, Yang Y, Wang X. (2025 Nov 15). Feasibility Study of Functional MRI-Based Biologically Guided Lattice Radiation Therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 123;(4):1176-1186. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2025.06.3901

15. Yang C, Li J, Li W, Setianegara J, Lin Y, Wang F, Gao H. (2025 Jul 15). A predictive model studying the impact of timing and order for the combination-regime of spatially fractionated radiation therapy and stereotactic body radiation therapy. Phys Med Biol, 70;(14):. doi: 10.1088/1361-6560/adec38

16. Yedekci Y, Kıvanc H, Kahvecioglu A, Yazici G. (2025 Winter). Gyroscopic radiosurgery-based lattice therapy for intracranial tumors: A dosimetric study. Med Dosim, 50;(4):366-371. doi: 10.1016/j.meddos.2025.05.004

17. Zhu L, Yu NY, Ahmed SK, Ashman JB, Toesca DS, Grams MP, Deufel CL, Duan J, Chen Q, Rong Y. (2025 Jul). Simulation-free workflow for lattice radiation therapy using deep learning predicted synthetic computed tomography: A feasibility study. J Appl Clin Med Phys, 26;(7):e70137. doi: 10.1002/acm2.70137

18. Tong X, Zhang W, Zhu YN, Hong X, Wang C, Setianegara J, Lin Y, Gao H. (2025 May 20). A fully flexible joint lattice position and dose optimization method for LATTICE therapy. ArXiv, ;():.

19. Setianegara J, Zhu YN, Zhu M, Badkul R, Zhao T, Li H, Wang F, Akhavan D, Gao H, Lin Y. (2025 May 19). Proton GRID and LATTICE treatment planning techniques for clinical liver SFRT treatments. Phys Med Biol, 70;(11):. doi: 10.1088/1361-6560/add2cc

20. Seol Y, Lee YK, Kim BJ, Choi KH, Hong JH, Park CB, Kim SH, Park HW, Kim JI, Cheon W, Kang YN, Choi BO. (2025). Feasibility of optimal vertex size and spacing for lattice radiotherapy implementation using helical tomotherapy. Front Oncol, 15;():1512064. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1512064

21. Lee YK, Seol Y, Kim BJ, Choi KH, Hong JH, Park CB, Kim SH, Park HW, Cheon W, Kang YN, Choi BO. (2024). A preliminary study of linear accelerator-based spatially fractionated radiotherapy. Front Oncol, 14;():1495216. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1495216

22. Zhu YN, Zhang W, Setianegara J, Lin Y, Traneus E, Long Y, Zhang X, Badkul R, Akhavan D, Wang F, Chen RC, Gao H. (2024 Oct 25). Proton ARC based LATTICE radiation therapy: feasibility study, energy layer optimization and LET optimization. Phys Med Biol, 69;(21):. doi: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad8855

23. Botti A, Finocchiaro D, Panico N, Trojani V, Paolani G, Iori F, Sghedoni R, Cagni E, Lambertini D, Ciammella P, Iotti C, Iori M. (2024 Oct). LatticeOpt: An automatic tool for planning optimisation of spatially fractionated stereotactic body radiotherapy. Phys Med, 126;():104823. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2024.104823

24. Kunkyab T, Magliari A, Jirasek A, Mou B, Hyde D. (2024 Nov). Semi-automated vertex placement for lattice radiotherapy and dosimetric verification using 3D polymer gel dosimetry. J Appl Clin Med Phys, 25;(11):e14489. doi: 10.1002/acm2.14489

25. Mossahebi S, Molitoris JK, Poirier Y, Jatczak J, Zhang B, Mohindra P, Ferris M, Regine WF, Yi B. (2024 Nov 15). Clinical Implementation and Dosimetric Evaluation of a Robust Proton Lattice Planning Strategy Using Primary and Robust Complementary Beams. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 120;(4):1149-1158. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2024.06.009

26. Zhang W, Lin Y, Wang F, Badkul R, Chen RC, Gao H. (2023 Dec). Lattice position optimization for LATTICE therapy. Med Phys, 50;(12):7359-7367. doi: 10.1002/mp.16572

27. Zhang W, Li W, Lin Y, Wang F, Chen RC, Gao H. (2023 Mar 1). TVL1-IMPT: Optimization of Peak-to-Valley Dose Ratio Via Joint Total-Variation and L1 Dose Regularization for Spatially Fractionated Pencil-Beam-Scanning Proton Therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 115;(3):768-778. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.09.064

28. Duriseti S, Kavanaugh J, Goddu S, Price A, Knutson N, Reynoso F, Michalski J, Mutic S, Robinson C, Spraker MB. (2021 May-Jun). Spatially fractionated stereotactic body radiation therapy (Lattice) for large tumors. Adv Radiat Oncol, 6;(3):100639. doi: 10.1016/j.adro.2020.100639

29. Murphy NL, Philip R, Wozniak M, Lee BH, Donnelly ED, Zhang H. (2020 Nov). A simple dosimetric approach to spatially fractionated GRID radiation therapy using the multileaf collimator for treatment of breast cancers in the prone position. J Appl Clin Med Phys, 21;(11):105-114. doi: 10.1002/acm2.13040

30. Wu X, Perez NC, Zheng Y, Li X, Jiang L, Amendola BE, Xu B, Mayr NA, Lu JJ, Hatoum GF, Zhang H, Chang SX, Griffin RJ, Guha C. (2020 Dec 1). The Technical and Clinical Implementation of LATTICE Radiation Therapy (LRT). Radiat Res, 194;(6):737-746. doi: 10.1667/RADE-20-00066.1

31. Jin JY, Zhao B, Kaminski JM, Wen N, Huang Y, Vender J, Chetty IJ, Kong FM. (2015 Dec). A MLC-based inversely optimized 3D spatially fractionated grid radiotherapy technique. Radiother Oncol, 117;(3):483-6. doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2015.07.047

GRID therapy physics

1. Coon-Haworth MR, Geise JB, Elango T, Zaugg CJ, Veenstra JL, Riffell JJ, Polkowski A, Oderinde OM, Rivera JN, Scarpelli ML. (2026 Jan). 3D printed collimators and dosimetry for spatially fractionated radiation therapy. J Appl Clin Med Phys, 27;(1):e70422. doi: 10.1002/acm2.70422

2. Misa J, Castle JR, Oldland TA, Pokhrel D. (2025 Nov). Nibbling toward optimal sphere packing for lattice spatially fractionated radiotherapy of large and bulky unresectable tumors. Med Phys, 52;(11):e70116. doi: 10.1002/mp.70116

3. Tobola-Galus A, Stolarczyk L, Ambrožová I, Caballero-Pacheco MA, Davídková M, Domingo C, De Saint-Hubert M, Knežević Ž, Liszka M, Majer M, Martinez Rovira I, Mojżeszek N, Wochnik A, Kopeć R, Swakoń J, Harrison R, Olko P. (2025 Nov). Dose distribution of secondary radiation in a water phantom for a spatially fractionated proton beam. Phys Med, 139;():105204. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2025.105204

4. Setianegara J, Green W, Zhao X, Mazur TR, Darafsheh A, Apicelli AJ, Badiyan SN, Perkins SM, Zhao T, Prusator MT. (2025 Jul). Design, fabrication, commissioning, and dosimetric verification of a GRID collimator for proton SFRT on a compact proton therapy machine. Med Phys, 52;(7):e17939. doi: 10.1002/mp.17939

5. Misa J, St Clair W, Pokhrel D. (2025 Jul). Demonstration of an enhanced dosing pattern for debulking large and bulky unresectable tumors via differential hole-size spatially fractionated radiotherapy. J Appl Clin Med Phys, 26;(7):e70127. doi: 10.1002/acm2.70127

6. Acuña MI, Lamirault C, Larcher T, Brisebard E, Schneider T, Juchaux M, Iglesias-Rey R, Fernández-Rodicio S, Aguiar P, Gómez-Lado N, Martínez-Rovira I, González-Vegas R, Yousef I, Gomez-Caamano A, Pombar M, Luna V, Sanchez M, Prezado Y. (2025 Apr 5). Mini-GRID therapy delivers optimised spatially fractionated radiation therapy using a flattening free filter accelerator. Commun Med (Lond), 5;(1):101. doi: 10.1038/s43856-025-00809-7

7. Misa J, Knight J 2nd, Clair WS, Pokhrel D. (2025 Autumn). Plan evaluation tool for spatially fractionated radiation therapy for unresectable large tumors via spatial biological effective dose modeling in combination therapy. Med Dosim, 50;(3):237-243. doi: 10.1016/j.meddos.2025.02.002

8. Bergeron P, Milliat F, Deutsch E, Mondini M. (2024 Dec 31). Heterogeneous intratumor irradiation: a new partner for immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology, 13;(1):2434280. doi: 10.1080/2162402X.2024.2434280

9. Khan AU, Sengupta B, Das IJ. (2024 Nov 11). The role of volume averaging effects, beam hardening, and phantom scatter in dosimetry of grid therapy. Phys Med Biol, 69;(22):. doi: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad8c91

10. Zhang W, Traneus E, Lin Y, Chen RC, Gao H. (2024 Oct). A novel treatment planning method via scissor beams for uniform-target-dose proton GRID with peak-valley-dose-ratio optimization. Med Phys, 51;(10):7047-7056. doi: 10.1002/mp.17307

11. Xu Z, Balik S, Woods K, Shen Z, Cheng C, Cui J, Gallogly H, Chang E, Lukas L, Lim A, Natsuaki Y, Ye J, Ma L, Zhang H. (2024 Aug). Dosimetric characterization for GRID collimator-based spatially fractionated radiation therapy: Dosimetric parameter acquisition and machine interchangeability investigation. J Appl Clin Med Phys, 25;(8):e14410. doi: 10.1002/acm2.14410

12. Das IJ, Khan AU, Dogan SK, Longo M. (2024 May 29). Grid/lattice therapy: consideration of small field dosimetry. Br J Radiol, 97;(1158):1088-1098. doi: 10.1093/bjr/tqae060

13. Karimi AH, Das IJ, Chegeni N, Jabbari I, Jafari F, Geraily G. (2024 Feb 24). Beam quality and the mystery behind the lower percentage depth dose in grid radiation therapy. Sci Rep, 14;(1):4510. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-55197-0

14. Clements N, Esplen N, Bateman J, Robertson C, Dosanjh M, Korysko P, Farabolini W, Corsini R, Bazalova-Carter M. (2024 Feb 19). Mini-GRID radiotherapy on the CLEAR very-high-energy electron beamline: collimator optimization, film dosimetry, and Monte Carlo simulations. Phys Med Biol, 69;(5):. doi: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad247d

15. Halthore A, Fellows Z, Tran A, Deville C Jr, Wright JL, Meyer J, Li H, Sheikh K. (2023 Winter). Treatment Planning of Bulky Tumors Using Pencil Beam Scanning Proton GRID Therapy. Int J Part Ther, 9;(3):40-49. doi: 10.14338/IJPT-22-00028

16. Ertan F, Yeginer M, Zorlu F. (2023 Feb 1). Dosimetric Performance Evaluation of MLC-based and Cone-based 3D Spatially Fractionated LATTICE Radiotherapy. Radiat Res, 199;(2):161-169. doi: 10.1667/RADE-22-00020.1

17. Clements N, Bazalova-Carter M, Esplen N. (2022 Sep 7). Monte Carlo optimization of a GRID collimator for preclinical megavoltage ultra-high dose rate spatially-fractionated radiation therapy. Phys Med Biol, 67;(18):. doi: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac8c1a

18. Schneider T, Fernandez-Palomo C, Bertho A, Fazzari J, Iturri L, Martin OA, Trappetti V, Djonov V, Prezado Y. (2022 Oct). Combining FLASH and spatially fractionated radiation therapy: The best of both worlds. Radiother Oncol, 175;():169-177. doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2022.08.004

19. Pokhrel D, Bernard ME, Mallory R, St Clair W, Kudrimoti M. (2022 May). Conebeam CT-guided 3D MLC-based spatially fractionated radiation therapy for bulky masses. J Appl Clin Med Phys, 23;(5):e13608. doi: 10.1002/acm2.13608

20. Grams MP, Tseung HSWC, Ito S, Zhang Y, Owen D, Park SS, Ahmed SK, Petersen IA, Haddock MG, Harmsen WS, Ma DJ. (2022 Sep-Oct). A Dosimetric Comparison of Lattice, Brass, and Proton Grid Therapy Treatment Plans. Pract Radiat Oncol, 12;(5):e442-e452. doi: 10.1016/j.prro.2022.03.005

21. Zhang X, Griffin RJ, Galhardo EP, Penagaricano J. (2022 Jan-Dec). Feasibility Study of 3D-VMAT-Based GRID Therapy. Technol Cancer Res Treat, 21;():15330338221086420. doi: 10.1177/15330338221086420

22. Zhang H, Grams MP, Foy JJ, Mayr NA. (2022 Feb 18). A Dosimetric Parameter Reference Look-Up Table for GRID Collimator-Based Spatially Fractionated Radiation Therapy. Cancers (Basel), 14;(4):. doi: 10.3390/cancers14041037

23. Smith BR, Nelson NP, Geoghegan TJ, Patwardhan KA, Hill PM, Yu J, Gutiérrez AN, Allen BG, Hyer DE. (2022 Apr). The dosimetric enhancement of GRID profiles using an external collimator in pencil beam scanning proton therapy. Med Phys, 49;(4):2684-2698. doi: 10.1002/mp.15523

24. Johnson TR, Bassil AM, Williams NT, Brundage S, Kent CL, Palmer G, Mowery YM, Oldham M. (2022 Feb 18). An investigation of kV mini-GRID spatially fractionated radiation therapy: dosimetry and preclinical trial. Phys Med Biol, 67;(4):. doi: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac508c

25. Mahmoudi F, Chegeni N, Bagheri A, Fatahi Asl J, Batiar MT. (2021 Aug). Impact of radiobiological models on the calculation of the therapeutic parameters of Grid therapy for breast cancer. Appl Radiat Isot, 174;():109776. doi: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2021.109776

26. Zhang H, Wu X, Zhang X, Chang SX, Megooni A, Donnelly ED, Ahmed MM, Griffin RJ, Welsh JS, Simone CB 2nd, Mayr NA. (2020 Dec 1). Photon GRID Radiation Therapy: A Physics and Dosimetry White Paper from the Radiosurgery Society (RSS) GRID/LATTICE, Microbeam and FLASH Radiotherapy Working Group. Radiat Res, 194;(6):665-677. doi: 10.1667/RADE-20-00047.1

27. Pokhrel D, Halfman M, Sanford L, Chen Q, Kudrimoti M. (2020 Mar). A novel, yet simple MLC-based 3D-crossfire technique for spatially fractionated GRID therapy treatment of deep-seated bulky tumors. J Appl Clin Med Phys, 21;(3):68-74. doi: 10.1002/acm2.12826

28. Kijima K, Krisanachinda A, Tamura M, Nishimura Y, Monzen H. (2019 Jun). Feasibility of a Tungsten Rubber Grid Collimator for Electron Grid Therapy. Anticancer Res, 39;(6):2799-2804. doi: 10.21873/anticanres.13407

29. Sheikh K, Hrinivich WT, Bell LA, Moore JA, Laub W, Viswanathan AN, Yan Y, McNutt TR, Meyer J. (2019 Jun). Comparison of treatment planning approaches for spatially fractionated irradiation of deep tumors. J Appl Clin Med Phys, 20;(6):125-133. doi: 10.1002/acm2.12617

30. Gao M, Mohiuddin MM, Hartsell WF, Pankuch M. (2018 Apr). Spatially fractionated (GRID) radiation therapy using proton pencil beam scanning (PBS): Feasibility study and clinical implementation. Med Phys, 45;(4):1645-1653. doi: 10.1002/mp.12807

31. Gholami S, Nedaie HA, Longo F, Ay MR, Dini SA, Meigooni AS. (2017 Oct-Dec). Grid Block Design Based on Monte Carlo Simulated Dosimetry, the Linear Quadratic and Hug-Kellerer Radiobiological Models. J Med Phys, 42;(4):213-221. doi: 10.4103/jmp.JMP_38_17

32. Henry T, Bassler N, Ureba A, Tsubouchi T, Valdman A, Siegbahn A. (2017 Nov). Development of an interlaced-crossfiring geometry for proton grid therapy. Acta Oncol, 56;(11):1437-1443. doi: 10.1080/0284186X.2017.1350287

33. Martínez-Rovira I, Puxeu-Vaqué J, Prezado Y. (2017 Oct). Dose evaluation of Grid Therapy using a 6 MV flattening filter-free (FFF) photon beam: A Monte Carlo study. Med Phys, 44;(10):5378-5383. doi: 10.1002/mp.12485

34. Henry T, Ureba A, Valdman A, Siegbahn A. (2017 Dec). Proton Grid Therapy: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Technol Cancer Res Treat, 16;(6):749-757. doi: 10.1177/1533034616681670

35. Peng V, Suchowerska N, Rogers L, Claridge Mackonis E, Oakes S, McKenzie DR. (2017 Aug). Grid therapy using high definition multileaf collimators: realizing benefits of the bystander effect. Acta Oncol, 56;(8):1048-1059. doi: 10.1080/0284186X.2017.1299939

36. Narayanasamy G, Zhang X, Meigooni A, Paudel N, Morrill S, Maraboyina S, Peacock L, Penagaricano J. (2017 Aug). Therapeutic benefits in grid irradiation on Tomotherapy for bulky, radiation-resistant tumors. Acta Oncol, 56;(8):1043-1047. doi: 10.1080/0284186X.2017.1299219

37. Tamura M, Monzen H, Kubo K, Hirata M, Nishimura Y. (2017 Feb 7). Feasibility of tungsten functional paper in electron grid therapy: a Monte Carlo study. Phys Med Biol, 62;(3):878-889. doi: 10.1088/1361-6560/62/3/878

38. Gholami S, Nedaie HA, Longo F, Ay MR, Wright S, Meigooni AS. (2016 Mar 8). Is grid therapy useful for all tumors and every grid block design? J Appl Clin Med Phys, 17;(2):206-219. doi: 10.1120/jacmp.v17i2.6015

39. Zhang X, Penagaricano J, Yan Y, Liang X, Morrill S, Griffin RJ, Corry P, Ratanatharathorn V. (2016 Jan 8). Spatially fractionated radiotherapy (GRID) using helical tomotherapy. J Appl Clin Med Phys, 17;(1):396-407. doi: 10.1120/jacmp.v17i1.5934

40. Zhu X, Driewer J, Li S, Verma V, Lei Y, Zhang M, Zhang Q, Zheng D, Cullip T, Chang SX, Wang AZ, Zhou S, Enke CA. (2015 Nov). Technical Note: Fabricating Cerrobend grids with 3D printing for spatially modulated radiation therapy: A feasibility study. Med Phys, 42;(11):6269-73. doi: 10.1118/1.4932223

41. Martínez-Rovira I, Fois G, Prezado Y. (2015 Feb). Dosimetric evaluation of new approaches in GRID therapy using nonconventional radiation sources. Med Phys, 42;(2):685-93. doi: 10.1118/1.4905042

42. Nobah A, Mohiuddin M, Devic S, Moftah B. (2015 Jan). Effective spatially fractionated GRID radiation treatment planning for a passive grid block. Br J Radiol, 88;(1045):20140363. doi: 10.1259/bjr.20140363

43. Fujimoto T, Monzen H, Nakata M, Okada T, Yano S, Takakura T, Kuwahara J, Sasaki M, Higashimura K, Hiraoka M. (2014 Nov). Dosimetric shield evaluation with tungsten sheet in 4, 6, and 9MeV electron beams. Phys Med, 30;(7):838-42. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2014.05.009

44. Costlow HN, Zhang H, Das IJ. (2014 Autumn). A treatment planning approach to spatially fractionated megavoltage grid therapy for bulky lung cancer. Med Dosim, 39;(3):218-26. doi: 10.1016/j.meddos.2014.02.004

45. Zhang H, Zhong H, Barth RF, Cao M, Das IJ. (2014 Feb). Impact of dose size in single fraction spatially fractionated (grid) radiotherapy for melanoma. Med Phys, 41;(2):021727. doi: 10.1118/1.4862837

46. Wang X, Charlton MA, Esquivel C, Eng TY, Li Y, Papanikolaou N. (2013 Sep). Measurement of neutron dose equivalent outside and inside of the treatment vault of GRID therapy. Med Phys, 40;(9):093901. doi: 10.1118/1.4816653

47. Zhang X, Penagaricano J, Yan Y, Sharma S, Griffin RJ, Hardee M, Han EY, Ratanatharathom V. (2016 Feb). Application of Spatially Fractionated Radiation (GRID) to Helical Tomotherapy using a Novel TOMOGRID Template. Technol Cancer Res Treat, 15;(1):91-100. doi: 10.7785/tcrtexpress.2013.600261

48. Almendral P, Mancha PJ, Roberto D. (2013 May). Feasibility of a simple method of hybrid collimation for megavoltage grid therapy. Med Phys, 40;(5):051712. doi: 10.1118/1.4801902

49. Buckey C, Stathakis S, Cashon K, Gutierrez A, Esquivel C, Shi C, Papanikolaou N. (2010 Apr 26). Evaluation of a commercially-available block for spatially fractionated radiation therapy. J Appl Clin Med Phys, 11;(3):3163.

50. Stathakis S, Esquivel C, Gutiérrez AN, Shi C, Papanikolaou N. (2009 Oct). Dosimetric evaluation of multi-pattern spatially fractionated radiation therapy using a multi-leaf collimator and collapsed cone convolution superposition dose calculation algorithm. Appl Radiat Isot, 67;(10):1939-44. doi: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2009.06.012

51. Naqvi SA, Mohiuddin MM, Ha JK, Regine WF. (2008 Oct). Effects of tumor motion in GRID therapy. Med Phys, 35;(10):4435-42.

52. Zhang H, Wang JZ, Mayr N, Kong X, Yuan J, Gupta N, Lo S, Grecula J, Montebello J, Martin D, Yuh W. (2008 Jan 1). Fractionated grid therapy in treating cervical cancers: conventional fractionation or hypofractionation? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 70;(1):280-8.

53. Meigooni AS, Gnaster M, Dou K, Johnson EL, Meigooni NJ, Kudrimoti M. (2007 Feb). Dosimetric evaluation of parallel opposed spatially fractionated radiation therapy of deep-seated bulky tumors. Med Phys, 34;(2):599-603.

54. Zhang H, Johnson EL, Zwicker RD. (2006 Dec 1). Dosimetric validation of the MCNPX Monte Carlo simulation for radiobiologic studies of megavoltage grid radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 66;(5):1576-83.

55. Meigooni AS, Dou K, Meigooni NJ, Gnaster M, Awan S, Dini S, Johnson EL. (2006 Sep). Dosimetric characteristics of a newly designed grid block for megavoltage photon radiation and its therapeutic advantage using a linear quadratic model. Med Phys, 33;(9):3165-73.

56. Ha JK, Zhang G, Naqvi SA, Regine WF, Yu CX. (2006 Jan). Feasibility of delivering grid therapy using a multileaf collimator. Med Phys, 33;(1):76-82.

57. Trapp JV, Warrington AP, Partridge M, Philps A, Glees J, Tait D, Ahmed R, Leach MO, Webb S. (2004 Oct 7). Measurement of the three-dimensional distribution of radiation dose in grid therapy. Phys Med Biol, 49;(19):N317-23.

58. Zwicker RD, Meigooni A, Mohiuddin M. (2004 Mar 15). Therapeutic advantage of grid irradiation for large single fractions. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 58;(4):1309-15.

59. MARKS H. (1952 Mar). Clinical experience with irradiation through a grid. Radiology, 58;(3):338-42.

60. Meigooni AS, Parker SA, Zheng J, Kalbaugh KJ, Regine WF, Mohiuddin M. (2002 Spring). Dosimetric characteristics with spatial fractionation using electron grid therapy. Med Dosim, 27;(1):37-42.

61. Lin KH, Huang CY, Lin JP, Chu TC. (2002 Mar). Surface dose with grids in electron beam radiation therapy. Appl Radiat Isot, 56;(3):477-84.

62. Reiff JE, Huq MS, Mohiuddin M, Suntharalingam N. (1995 Nov 1). Dosimetric properties of megavoltage grid therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 33;(4):937-42.

reviews

1. Ghaznavi H, Rezaee M, Reynoso F, Darafsheh A. (2025 Oct 13). Emerging strategies in radiation therapy: promises and challenges of spatial fractionation, ultra-high dose rates, and nanoparticles. J Phys D Appl Phys, 58;(41):413002. doi: 10.1088/1361-6463/ae0e2d

2. Li W, Piao M, Zhai L, Zhu Y, Lou F, Chen L, Wang H. (2025 Jul 1). Effectiveness and Safety of Lattice Radiotherapy in Treating Large Volume Tumors: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Based on Single-arm Clinical Studies. Balkan Med J, 42;(4):311-320. doi: 10.4274/balkanmedj.galenos.2025.2025-2-129

3. Webster M, Podgorsak A, Li F, Zhou Y, Jung H, Yoon J, Dona Lemus O, Zheng D. (2025 Jun 13). New Approaches in Radiotherapy. Cancers (Basel), 17;(12):. doi: 10.3390/cancers17121980

4. Zhao H. (2025 May 6). Progress of the application of spatially fractionated radiation therapy in palliative treatment of tumors. Discov Oncol, 16;(1):678. doi: 10.1007/s12672-025-02487-2

5. Zheng D, Preuss K, Milano MT, He X, Gou L, Shi Y, Marples B, Wan R, Yu H, Du H, Zhang C. (2025 Apr 4). Mathematical modeling in radiotherapy for cancer: a comprehensive narrative review. Radiat Oncol, 20;(1):49. doi: 10.1186/s13014-025-02626-7

6. Portik D, Lacombe D, Faivre-Finn C, Achard V, Andratschke N, Correia D, Spalek M, Guckenberger M, Ost P, Ehret F. (2025 May 2). The 2024 State of Science report from the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer's Radiation Oncology Scientific Council. Eur J Cancer, 220;():115334. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2025.115334

7. Snider JW, Mayr NA, Molitoris J, Chhabra AM, Mossahebi S, Griffin R, Mohiuddin M, Zhang H, Amendola B, Tubin S, Kang M, Limoli C, Marter K, Perez N, Rustin GO, Mahadevan A, Coleman CN, Ahmed M, Simone CB 2nd. (2025 May-Jun). The Radiosurgery Society Working Groups on GRID, LATTICE, Microbeam, and FLASH Radiotherapies: Advancements Symposium and Subsequent Progress Made. Pract Radiat Oncol, 15;(3):300-307. doi: 10.1016/j.prro.2024.09.015

8. Mayr NA, Mohiuddin M, Snider JW, Zhang H, Griffin RJ, Amendola BE, Hippe DS, Perez NC, Wu X, Lo SS, Regine WF, Simone CB 2nd. (2024 Feb). Practice Patterns of Spatially Fractionated Radiation Therapy: A Clinical Practice Survey. Adv Radiat Oncol, 9;(2):101308. doi: 10.1016/j.adro.2023.101308

9. Song CW, Terezakis S, Park WY, Paek SH, Kim MS, Cho LC, Griffin RJ. (2023 Nov 1). Preferential Tumor Vascular Damage Is the Common Antitumor Mechanism of High-Dose Hypofractionated Radiation Therapy: SABR, Spatially Fractionated Radiation Therapy, and FLASH Radiation Therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 117;(3):701-704. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.05.015

10. Fernandez-Palomo C, Chang S, Prezado Y. (2022 Jul 26). Should Peak Dose Be Used to Prescribe Spatially Fractionated Radiation Therapy?-A Review of Preclinical Studies. Cancers (Basel), 14;(15):. doi: 10.3390/cancers14153625

11. Griffin RJ, Prise KM, McMahon SJ, Zhang X, Penagaricano J, Butterworth KT. (2020 Sep 1). History and current perspectives on the biological effects of high-dose spatial fractionation and high dose-rate approaches: GRID, Microbeam & FLASH radiotherapy. Br J Radiol, 93;(1113):20200217. doi: 10.1259/bjr.20200217

12. Griffin RJ, Ahmed MM, Amendola B, Belyakov O, Bentzen SM, Butterworth KT, Chang S, Coleman CN, Djonov V, Formenti SC, Glatstein E, Guha C, Kalnicki S, Le QT, Loo BW Jr, Mahadevan A, Massaccesi M, Maxim PG, Mohiuddin M, Mohiuddin M, Mayr NA, Obcemea C, Petersson K, Regine W, Roach M, Romanelli P, Simone CB 2nd, Snider JW, Spitz DR, Vikram B, Vozenin MC, Abdel-Wahab M, Welsh J, Wu X, Limoli CL. (2020 Jul 15). Understanding High-Dose, Ultra-High Dose Rate, and Spatially Fractionated Radiation Therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 107;(4):766-778. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.03.028

13. Billena C, Khan AJ. (2019 May 1). A Current Review of Spatial Fractionation: Back to the Future? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 104;(1):177-187. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.01.073

Stereotactic Central/Core Ablative Radiation Therapy (SCART)

1. Penagaricano J, Nakashima JY. (2025). Case Report: Early experience with hypoxia-targeted SBRT-based partial tumor irradiation in large and bulky tumors. Front Oncol, 15;():1697888. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1697888

2. Xu Z, Balik S, Woods K, Lim A, Ye JC, Chang EL, Lyons K, Ma L, Shen Z, Lukas L, Zhang H. (2025). Stereotactic core ablative radiation therapy for small hypoxic tumors: impact of dosimetric approaches and consequent optimization strategy in the context of spatially fractionated radiation therapy. Front Oncol, 15;():1568959. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1568959

3. Li T, Yao X, He R, Xue X, Wang S, Chen J, Qiu Q, Yin Y, Tang Q. (2025). Proton stereotactic centralized ablative radiation therapy for treating bulky tumor: a treatment plan study. Front Oncol, 15;():1474327. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1474327

4. Yang J, Lu Q, Qi W, Kolb RD, Wang L, Li Y, Li S, Lin Y, Liu J, Mourad W, MirkhaghaniHaghighi F, Slavisa T, Wu X, You WC, Yang E, Hanlon A, Zhu A, Yan W. (2024). Stereotactic central/core ablative radiation therapy: results of a phase I study of a novel strategy to treat bulky tumor. Front Oncol, 14;():1364627. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1364627

5. Yu KK, Yeo A, Ngan S, Chu J, Chang D, Siva S, Wong A, Kron T, Hardcastle N, Gaudreault M, Chesson T, Williams S, Burns M, Chander S. (2024 May). Partially Ablative Body Radiotherapy (PABR): A novel approach for palliative radiotherapy of locally advanced bulky unresectable sarcomas. Radiother Oncol, 194;():110185. doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2024.110185

SFRT

1. Tong X, Zhang W, Zhu YN, Hong X, Wang C, Setianegara J, Lin Y, Gao H. (2026 Jan). Dose optimization with fully flexible vertex positioning for LATTICE radiotherapy. Med Phys, 53;(1):e70262. doi: 10.1002/mp.70262

2. Dere K, Usta AC, Kurnaz RS, Lin L, Yang Y, Surucu M, Charyyev S. (2025). Are we overestimating proton minibeam therapy effectiveness through physical dose metrics? Front Oncol, 15;():1682511. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1682511

3. Zhang H, Wong K, Olch A, Han HR, Chau B, Lukas L, Chang EL. (2025). Initial experience of spatially fractionated lattice radiation therapy for palliative treatment of pediatric bulky tumors. Front Oncol, 15;():1648847. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1648847

4. Misa J, Castle JR, Oldland TA, Pokhrel D. (2025 Nov). Nibbling toward optimal sphere packing for lattice spatially fractionated radiotherapy of large and bulky unresectable tumors. Med Phys, 52;(11):e70116. doi: 10.1002/mp.70116

5. Hobson J, Grams MP, Gicobi JK, Wigle D, Kottschade LA, Durham LA, Corbin K, Dong H, Markovic SN, Park SS. (2025). Case Report: Complete pathologic response in advanced melanoma with SFRT and dual checkpoint inhibition. Front Oncol, 15;():1697902. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1697902

6. Unterkirhers S, Besserer J, Bley CR. (2025 Oct 27). Tumor geometry adjusted lattice structures for animal spatially fractionated SBRT. Z Med Phys, ;():. pii: S0939-3889(25)00131-X. doi: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2025.10.004

7. Burns L, Tsai J, Wong P, Parent A, Tsang Y, Serban M, Lukovic J. (2026 Jan). Spatially fractionated radiotherapy for re-irradiation: feasibility, safety, treatment planning, and outcomes. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol, 56;():101049. doi: 10.1016/j.ctro.2025.101049

8. Wilk J, Box C, Harrington K, Nill S, Oelfke U. (2025 Jul-Aug 01). Alternative Radiotherapy Delivery Approaches to Modulate Radiation Response. Cancer J, 31;(4):. pii: e0781. doi: 10.1097/PPO.0000000000000781

9. Tong X, Zhang W, Zhu YN, Hong X, Wang C, Setianegara J, Lin Y, Gao H. (2025 May 20). A fully flexible joint lattice position and dose optimization method for LATTICE therapy. ArXiv, ;():.

10. Reaz F, Traneus E, Bassler N. (2025 Jun 27). Commissioning of a multislit collimator system for experimental pMBRT studies with uniform target dose. Phys Med Biol, 70;(13):. doi: 10.1088/1361-6560/ade04b

11. Misa J, St Clair W, Pokhrel D. (2025 Jul). Demonstration of an enhanced dosing pattern for debulking large and bulky unresectable tumors via differential hole-size spatially fractionated radiotherapy. J Appl Clin Med Phys, 26;(7):e70127. doi: 10.1002/acm2.70127

12. Wu W, Zhang W, Li J, Wang W, Lin Y, Li Q, Gao H. (2025 Jun). A carbon ion minibeam treatment planning method with scissor beams. Med Phys, 52;(6):3625-3634. doi: 10.1002/mp.17869

13. Misa J, Knight J 2nd, Clair WS, Pokhrel D. (2025 Autumn). Plan evaluation tool for spatially fractionated radiation therapy for unresectable large tumors via spatial biological effective dose modeling in combination therapy. Med Dosim, 50;(3):237-243. doi: 10.1016/j.meddos.2025.02.002

14. Majercakova K, Aguilar NT, Isern Verdum J, Bargalló HV, Capel AV, Mancera Soto M, Gómez de Segura Melcón G, Cordero JVR, González-López JA, Rosell SB, Jover DH, Mitre SR, Ibañez AP, Sebio A, Sancho-Pardo G. (2025 Feb 13). Role of Spatially Fractionated Radiotherapy (LATTICE) Treatment in Inoperable Bulky Soft-Tissue Sarcomas. Cancers (Basel), 17;(4):. doi: 10.3390/cancers17040624

15. Bergeron P, Milliat F, Deutsch E, Mondini M. (2024 Dec 31). Heterogeneous intratumor irradiation: a new partner for immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology, 13;(1):2434280. doi: 10.1080/2162402X.2024.2434280

16. Fischer J, Hart A, Bedriová N, Krim DE, Clements N, Bateman J, Korysko P, Farabolini W, Rieker V, Corsini R, Dosanjh M, Bazalova-Carter M. (2024 Dec 24). Spatially fractionated radiotherapy with very high energy electron pencil beam scanning. Phys Med Biol, 70;(1):. doi: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad9232

17. Zhu YN, Zhang W, Setianegara J, Lin Y, Traneus E, Long Y, Zhang X, Badkul R, Akhavan D, Wang F, Chen RC, Gao H. (2024 Oct 25). Proton ARC based LATTICE radiation therapy: feasibility study, energy layer optimization and LET optimization. Phys Med Biol, 69;(21):. doi: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad8855

18. McGarrigle JM, Long KR, Prezado Y. (2024). On the significance of the different geometrical and dosimetric parameters in microbeam and minibeam radiation therapy a retrospective evaluation. Front Oncol, 14;():1449293. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1449293

19. Botti A, Finocchiaro D, Panico N, Trojani V, Paolani G, Iori F, Sghedoni R, Cagni E, Lambertini D, Ciammella P, Iotti C, Iori M. (2024 Oct). LatticeOpt: An automatic tool for planning optimisation of spatially fractionated stereotactic body radiotherapy. Phys Med, 126;():104823. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2024.104823

20. Xu P, Wang S, Zhou J, Yuan K, Wang X, Li L, Lang J, Lu S. (2024 Sep). Spatially fractionated radiotherapy (Lattice SFRT) in the palliative treatment of locally advanced bulky unresectable head and neck cancer. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol, 48;():100830. doi: 10.1016/j.ctro.2024.100830

21. Misa J, Volk A, Bernard ME, Clair WS, Pokhrel D. (2024 Sep). Dosimetric impact of intrafraction patient motion on MLC-based 3D-conformal spatially fractionated radiation therapy treatment of large and bulky tumors. J Appl Clin Med Phys, 25;(9):e14469. doi: 10.1002/acm2.14469

22. Tubin S. (2024 Jul). A Partial Tumor Irradiation Approach for Complex Bulky Disease. Semin Radiat Oncol, 34;(3):323-336. doi: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2024.04.005

23. Ahmed MM, Wu X, Mohiuddin M, Perez NC, Zhang H, Amendola BE, Malachowska B, Mohiuddin M, Guha C. (2024 Jul). Optimizing GRID and Lattice Spatially Fractionated Radiation Therapy: Innovative Strategies for Radioresistant and Bulky Tumor Management. Semin Radiat Oncol, 34;(3):310-322. doi: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2024.05.002

24. Zhang H, Wu X. (2024 Jul). Which Modality of SFRT Should be Considered First for Bulky Tumor Radiation Therapy, GRID or LATTICE? Semin Radiat Oncol, 34;(3):302-309. doi: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2024.04.006

25. Sheikh K, Li H, Wright JL, Yanagihara TK, Halthore A. (2024 Jul). The Peaks and Valleys of Photon Versus Proton Spatially Fractionated Radiotherapy. Semin Radiat Oncol, 34;(3):292-301. doi: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2024.04.007

26. Jenkins SV, Johnsrud AJ, Dings RPM, Griffin RJ. (2024 Jul). Bystander Effects in Spatially Fractionated Radiation Therapy: From Molecule To Organism To Clinical Implications. Semin Radiat Oncol, 34;(3):284-291. doi: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2024.05.004

27. McMillan MT, Khan AJ, Powell SN, Humm J, Deasy JO, Haimovitz-Friedman A. (2024 Jul). Spatially Fractionated Radiotherapy in the Era of Immunotherapy. Semin Radiat Oncol, 34;(3):276-283. doi: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2024.04.002

28. Takashima ME, Berg TJ, Morris ZS. (2024 Jul). The Effects of Radiation Dose Heterogeneity on the Tumor Microenvironment and Anti-Tumor Immunity. Semin Radiat Oncol, 34;(3):262-271. doi: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2024.04.004

29. Griffin RJ, Guha C. (2024 Jul). Innovations in Physics, Biology and Clinical Translation of Spatially Fractionated and FLASH Radiotherapy. Semin Radiat Oncol, 34;(3):259-261. doi: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2024.05.005

30. Goddu SM, Hao Y, Ji Z, Setianegara J, Liu F, Green W, Sobotka LG, Zhao T, Perkins S, Darafsheh A. (2024 Jul). High spatiotemporal resolution scintillation imaging of pulsed pencil beam scanning proton beams produced by a gantry-mounted synchrocyclotron. Med Phys, 51;(7):4996-5006. doi: 10.1002/mp.17116

31. Castorina P, Castiglione F, Ferini G, Forte S, Martorana E. (2024 Apr 21). Computational Approach for Spatially Fractionated Radiation Therapy (SFRT) and Immunological Response in Precision Radiation Therapy. J Pers Med, 14;(4):. doi: 10.3390/jpm14040436

32. Prezado Y, Grams M, Jouglar E, Martínez-Rovira I, Ortiz R, Seco J, Chang S. (2024 May 10). Spatially fractionated radiation therapy: a critical review on current status of clinical and preclinical studies and knowledge gaps. Phys Med Biol, 69;(10):. doi: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad4192

33. Tucker WW, Mazur TR, Schmidt MC, Hilliard J, Badiyan S, Spraker MB, Kavanaugh JA. (2024 Jan). Script-based implementation of automatic grid placement for lattice stereotactic body radiation therapy. Phys Imaging Radiat Oncol, 29;():100549. doi: 10.1016/j.phro.2024.100549

34. At B, Velayudham R. (2024 Autumn). Assessing dosimetric advancements in spatially fractionated radiotherapy: From grids to lattices. Med Dosim, 49;(3):206-214. doi: 10.1016/j.meddos.2023.12.003

35. Modic Z, Markelc B, Jesenko T. (2024). Partial-Volume Irradiation of Murine Tumors. Methods Mol Biol, 2773;():97-104. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3714-2_10

36. Li H, Mayr NA, Griffin RJ, Zhang H, Pokhrel D, Grams M, Penagaricano J, Chang S, Spraker MB, Kavanaugh J, Lin L, Sheikh K, Mossahebi S, Simone CB, Roberge D, Snider JW, Sabouri P, Molineu A, Xiao Y, Benedict SH. (2024 Jul 1). Overview and Recommendations for Prospective Multi-institutional Spatially Fractionated Radiation Therapy Clinical Trials. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 119;(3):737-749. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.12.013

37. Ginn J, Duriseti S, Mazur T, Spraker M, Kavanaugh J. (2024 Jul-Aug). A Dose Accumulation Assessment of Alignment Errors During Spatially Fractionated Radiation Therapy. Pract Radiat Oncol, 14;(4):e283-e290. doi: 10.1016/j.prro.2023.11.015

38. Lu Q, Yan W, Zhu A, Tubin S, Mourad WF, Yang J. (2024 Jan). Combining spatially fractionated radiation therapy (SFRT) and immunotherapy opens new rays of hope for enhancing therapeutic ratio. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol, 44;():100691. doi: 10.1016/j.ctro.2023.100691

39. Zhang H, Ma L, Lim A, Ye J, Lukas L, Li H, Mayr NA, Chang EL. (2024 Feb 1). Dosimetric Validation for Prospective Clinical Trial of GRID Collimator-Based Spatially Fractionated Radiation Therapy: Dose Metrics Consistency and Heterogeneous Pattern Reproducibility. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 118;(2):565-573. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.08.061

40. Clements N, Esplen N, Bazalova-Carter M. (2023 Aug). A feasibility study of ultra-high dose rate mini-GRID therapy using very-high-energy electron beams for a simulated pediatric brain case. Phys Med, 112;():102637. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2023.102637

41. Pedroso Partichelli F, de Arruda Botelho M. (2023 Winter). Evaluation of the applicability of the lattice radiotherapy technique at the National Cancer Institute - INCA. Med Dosim, 48;(4):245-248. doi: 10.1016/j.meddos.2023.05.003

42. Grams MP, Deufel CL, Kavanaugh JA, Corbin KS, Ahmed SK, Haddock MG, Lester SC, Ma DJ, Petersen IA, Finley RR, Lang KG, Spreiter SS, Park SS, Owen D. (2023 Jul). Clinical aspects of spatially fractionated radiation therapy treatments. Phys Med, 111;():102616. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2023.102616

43. Bertho A, Iturri L, Prezado Y. (2023). Radiation-induced immune response in novel radiotherapy approaches FLASH and spatially fractionated radiotherapies. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol, 376;():37-68. doi: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.11.005

44. Tubin S, Vozenin MC, Prezado Y, Durante M, Prise KM, Lara PC, Greco C, Massaccesi M, Guha C, Wu X, Mohiuddin MM, Vestergaard A, Bassler N, Gupta S, Stock M, Timmerman R. (2023 May). Novel unconventional radiotherapy techniques: Current status and future perspectives - Report from the 2nd international radiation oncology online seminar. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol, 40;():100605. doi: 10.1016/j.ctro.2023.100605

45. Chang S. (2023 Jun). A journey to understand SFRT. Med Phys, 50 Suppl 1;():40-44. doi: 10.1002/mp.16314

46. Hatoum GF, Temple HT, Garcia SA, Zheng Y, Kfoury F, Kinley J, Wu X. (2023). Neoadjuvant Radiation Therapy with Interdigitated High-Dose LRT for Voluminous High-Grade Soft-Tissue Sarcoma. Cancer Manag Res, 15;():113-122. doi: 10.2147/CMAR.S393934

47. Mahmoudi F, Mohammadi N, Haghighi M, Alirezaei Z, Jabbari I, Chegeni N, Elmtalab S, Vega-Carrillo HR, Kazemian A, Geraily G, Karimi AH. (2023). How much should you worry about contaminant neutrons in spatially fractionated grid radiation therapy? PLoS One, 18;(1):e0280433. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280433

48. Fernandez-Palomo C, Chang S, Prezado Y. (2022 Jul 26). Should Peak Dose Be Used to Prescribe Spatially Fractionated Radiation Therapy?-A Review of Preclinical Studies. Cancers (Basel), 14;(15):. doi: 10.3390/cancers14153625

49. Pokhrel D, Bernard ME, Mallory R, St Clair W, Kudrimoti M. (2022 May). Conebeam CT-guided 3D MLC-based spatially fractionated radiation therapy for bulky masses. J Appl Clin Med Phys, 23;(5):e13608. doi: 10.1002/acm2.13608

50. Butterworth KT, Ghita M, McMahon SJ, Mcgarry CK, Griffin RJ, Hounsell AR, Prise KM. (2017 Jan). Modelling responses to spatially fractionated radiation fields using preclinical image-guided radiotherapy. Br J Radiol, 90;(1069):20160485. doi: 10.1259/bjr.20160485

microbeam

1. Yeomans L, Gharehkhani K, Cummings C, Wilk J, Box C, Nill S, Oelfke U. (2025 Dec). Adaptation of a small animal radiation research platform for pre-clinical microbeam irradiations. Med Phys, 52;(12):e70162. doi: 10.1002/mp.70162

2. Breslin T, Kügele M, de Rover V, Fiedler S, Lindner T, Klingenberg J, Faria GA, Frerker B, Nuesken F, Ceberg S, Ceberg C, Lerch M, Hildebrandt G, Schültke E. (2025 Oct 10). The Potential of Dosimetry and the Visualization of Microbeam Arrays in NIPAM Gel at the PETRA III Synchrotron. Gels, 11;(10):. doi: 10.3390/gels11100814

3. Petrich C, Winter J, Dimroth A, Stolz J, Beiser T, Dehn M, Frignani J, Combs SE, Schilling F, Natour G, Aulenbacher K, Raulefs S, Schmid TE, Wilkens JJ, Bartzsch S. (2025 Oct 22). Commissioning, Characterization, and First High-Dose-Rate Irradiations at a Compact X-Ray Tube for Microbeam and Minibeam Radiation Therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, ;():. pii: S0360-3016(25)06398-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2025.10.012

4. Humphreys J, White C, Mentzel F, Bolst D, Paino J, Tsoi AC, Arsini L, Scarselli F, Mancini-Terracciano C, Rosenfeld A, Tehei M, Corde S, Lerch M, Guatelli S, Hagenbuchner M. (2025 Nov). Point cloud dosimetry framework for preclinical microbeam radiation therapy. Phys Med, 139;():105198. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2025.105198

5. Mewes C, Lerch M, Petasecca M, Klingenberg J, Abreu Faria G, Lienert U, Schültke E, Paino J, Cayley J, Wegner M, Fiedler S, Gargioni E. (2025 Nov 12). A procedure for accurate dose measurement in radiotherapy research at millimetre-sized synchrotron beams. Phys Med Biol, 70;(22):. doi: 10.1088/1361-6560/ae143a

6. Bustillo JPO, de Rover V, Engels EEM, Cayley J, Cameron M, Long S, Carolan M, Frerker B, Lerch MLF, Schültke E. (2025 Sep 10). A canine head phantom for quality assurance in multiport microbeam radiation therapy: animal phantom fabrication and dosimetry protocol. Biomed Phys Eng Express, 11;(5):. doi: 10.1088/2057-1976/adff8b

7. Nagarajan S, Chang CI, Lin IC, Chen YS, Su CC, Lee LT, Woo EM. (2025 Jul 26). Microbeam X-Ray Investigation of the Structural Transition from Circularly Banded to Ringless Dendritic Assemblies in Poly(Butylene Adipate) Through Dilution with Poly(Ethylene Oxide). Polymers (Basel), 17;(15):. doi: 10.3390/polym17152040

8. Chen Z, Li L, Liu J, Zhao Y, Liu C, Liu J. (2025 Dec). A quantitative irradiation microscopy platform for in situ observation of living cells with subcellular resolution under radiation conditions. J Microsc, 300;(3):315-324. doi: 10.1111/jmi.70024

9. Keshmiri S, Lemaire G, André A, Thevenet F, Ocadiz A, Rosuel N, Huffschmidt B, Bencheikh Y, Ghafooryan-Sangchooli M, Pellicioli P, Serduc R, Adam JF. (2025 Aug 7). Recent advances in film dosimetry for quality assurance in microbeam radiation therapy. Sci Rep, 15;(1):28959. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-12449-x

10. Fernandez-Palomo C, Potez M, Haberthür D, Trappetti V, Pellicioli P, Fazzari J, Grams M, Hlushchuk R, Djonov V. (2025 Dec 1). Synchrotron Microbeam Radiation Therapy in Combination With Gold Nanoparticles Improves Control of Mouse Melanoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 123;(5):1383-1394. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2025.07.1427

11. Frerker B, Engels E, Paino J, Rover V, Bustillo JP, Wegner M, Cameron M, Fiedler S, Häusermann D, Hildebrandt G, Lerch M, Schültke E. (2025 Jul 3). Fast and Fractionated: Correlation of Dose Attenuation and the Response of Human Cancer Cells in a New Anthropomorphic Brain Phantom. Biomimetics (Basel), 10;(7):. doi: 10.3390/biomimetics10070440

12. Barnes MJ, Cameron M, Engels E, Klein M, Fernandez-Palomo C, Crosbie JC, Day L, Pellicioli P, de Veer M, Anderson RL, Häusermann D, Djonov V, Martin OA, Lerch M. (2025 Aug). Treatment planning for in vivo multi-fraction, multi-port, multi-modal Synchrotron Radiotherapy. Phys Med, 136;():105029. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2025.105029

13. Arsini L, Humphreys J, White C, Mentzel F, Paino J, Bolst D, Caccia B, Cameron M, Ciardiello A, Corde S, Engels E, Giagu S, Rosenfeld A, Tehei M, Tsoi AC, Vogel S, Lerch M, Hagenbuchner M, Guatelli S, Terracciano CM. (2025 Aug). Comparison of Deep Learning Models for fast and accurate dose map prediction in Microbeam Radiation Therapy. Phys Med, 136;():105012. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2025.105012

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20. McGarrigle JM, Long KR, Prezado Y. (2024). On the significance of the different geometrical and dosimetric parameters in microbeam and minibeam radiation therapy a retrospective evaluation. Front Oncol, 14;():1449293. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1449293

21. Lin Y, Li W, Wang A, Johnson D, Gan GN, Gao H. (2024). Comprehensive dosimetric commissioning of proton minibeam radiotherapy on a single gantry proton system. Front Oncol, 14;():1421869. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1421869

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24. Carver A, Baker S, Dumbill A, Horton S, Green S. (2024 Jun 19). Design and characterisation of a minibeam collimator utilising Monte Carlo simulation and a clinical linear accelerator. Phys Med Biol, 69;(13):. doi: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad4d52

25. Lin Y, Li W, Johnson D, Prezado Y, Gan GN, Gao H. (2024 Jun). Development and characterization of the first proton minibeam system for single-gantry proton facility. Med Phys, 51;(6):3995-4006. doi: 10.1002/mp.17074

26. Stengl C, Muñoz ID, Arbes E, Rauth E, Christensen JB, Vedelago J, Runz A, Jäkel O, Seco J. (2024 Aug). Dosimetric study for breathing-induced motion effects in an abdominal pancreas phantom for carbon ion mini-beam radiotherapy. Med Phys, 51;(8):5618-5631. doi: 10.1002/mp.17077

27. Bertho A, Ortiz R, Maurin M, Juchaux M, Gilbert C, Espenon J, Ramasamy G, Patriarca A, De Marzi L, Pouzoulet F, Prezado Y. (2024 Oct 1). Thoracic Proton Minibeam Radiation Therapy: Tissue Preservation and Survival Advantage Over Conventional Proton Therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 120;(2):579-592. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2024.04.011

28. Reaz F, Traneus E, Bassler N. (2024 Apr 11). Tuning spatially fractionated radiotherapy dose profiles using the moiré effect. Sci Rep, 14;(1):8468. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-55104-7

29. Ahmed M, Bicher S, Combs SE, Lindner R, Raulefs S, Schmid TE, Spasova S, Stolz J, Wilkens JJ, Winter J, Bartzsch S. (2024 Jan 30). In Vivo Microbeam Radiation Therapy at a Conventional Small Animal Irradiator. Cancers (Basel), 16;(3):. doi: 10.3390/cancers16030581

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31. Chtcheprov P, Hadsell M, Burk L, Ger R, Zhang L, Yuan H, Lee YZ, Chang S, Lu J, Zhou O. (2013 Feb 9). Physiologically gated micro-beam radiation therapy using electronically controlled field emission x-ray source array. Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng, 8671;():. pii: 86711Z

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33. Yuan H, Zhang L, Frank JE, Inscoe CR, Burk LM, Hadsell M, Lee YZ, Lu J, Chang S, Zhou O. (2015 Sep). Treating Brain Tumor with Microbeam Radiation Generated by a Compact Carbon-Nanotube-Based Irradiator: Initial Radiation Efficacy Study. Radiat Res, 184;(3):322-33. doi: 10.1667/RR13919.1

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minibeam

1. Shinde N, Zhang W, Lin Y, Gao H. (2026 Jan). Minibeam-pLATTICE: A novel proton LATTICE modality using minibeams. Med Phys, 53;(1):e70250. doi: 10.1002/mp.70250

2. Shinde N, Zhang W, Lin Y, Gao H. (2025 Nov). A mixed integer programming approach to minibeam aperture optimization for multi-collimator proton minibeam radiotherapy. Med Phys, 52;(11):e70129. doi: 10.1002/mp.70129

3. Reaz F, Huang Z, Pinto M, Bortfeldt J, Bassler N, Parodi K. (2025 Nov 2). Collimated and non-collimated proton minibeam irradiation using SIRMIO: a simulation study. Acta Oncol, 64;():1506-1514. doi: 10.2340/1651-226X.2025.44031

4. Wang Z, Wang L. (2025 Sep). Comments on "On the significance of peak dose in normal tissue toxicity in spatially fractionated radiotherapy: The case of proton minibeam radiation therapy". Precis Radiat Oncol, 9;(3):221-222. doi: 10.1002/pro6.70026

5. Sotiropoulos M, Fernandez-Rodriguez A, Prezado Y. (2025 Nov). Evaluation of three radiochromic film types in x-ray minibeam radiation therapy pre-clinical dosimetry. Phys Med, 139;():105195. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2025.105195

6. Iturri L, Riquelme-Perez M, Bonté PE, Potiron S, Goudot C, Juchaux M, Brisebard E, Gilbert C, Espenon J, Ortiz R, Patriarca A, De Marzi L, Amigorena S, Prezado Y. (2025 Nov 3). Evaluation of Proton Minibeam Radiotherapy on Antitumor Immune Responses in a Rat Model of Glioblastoma. Cancer Immunol Res, 13;(11):1854-1872. doi: 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-24-0902

7. Pizzardi S, Alborghetti L, Vurro F, Lacavalla MA, Capialbi MM, Milani P, Cavaliere F, Fiorino C, Spinelli AE. (2025 Aug 15). Development of a preclinical X-rays minibeam Monte Carlo treatment planning system. Sci Rep, 15;(1):29926. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-15281-5

8. Schorling C, Rauth E, Stengl C, Seco J. (2025 Aug). Experimental investigation of oxygen diffusion in the peak and valley region of minibeam patterns during x-ray irradiation. Med Phys, 52;(8):e17999. doi: 10.1002/mp.17999

9. Hong X, Zhang W, Xu Y, Lin Y, Gao H. (2025 Aug). Spatially-adaptive dose calculation grid and planning method for proton minibeam radiation therapy. Med Phys, 52;(8):e18027. doi: 10.1002/mp.18027

10. Morrocchi M, Ciarrocchi E, Anzalone R, Cavalieri A, Martino FD, "DOrazio C", Massa M, Moggi A, Mozzo C, Pensavalle JH, Ravera E, Bisogni MG. (2025 Aug). Plastic scintillator sheets for quality assurance in electron FLASH and minibeam radiation therapy. Med Phys, 52;(8):e18033. doi: 10.1002/mp.18033

11. Yang F, Wu J, Orlandini LC, Li H, Wang X. (2025). Proton minibeam radiotherapy: a review. Front Oncol, 15;():1580513. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1580513

12. Reaz F, Kristensen L, Traneus E, Sørensen BS, Bassler N. (2025 Oct). Probing the therapeutic window of proton minibeam radiotherapy using dose-response curves in a mouse model. Radiother Oncol, 211;():111050. doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2025.111050

13. Jacobson MA, Sharifzadeh Y, Dudek AZ, Markovic SN, Johnson JE, Morris JM, Lester SC, Mutter RW, Grams MP, Park SS. (2025 Aug). Minibeam Radiation Therapy for Recurrent Mucosal Melanoma: An Eye-Opening Response. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes, 9;(4):100640. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2025.100640

14. Moskvin VP, Faught A, Pirlepesov F, Xie F, Al-Ward S, Cohilis M, Souris K, Merchant TE, Hua CH. (2025 Jul 8). Implementation and validation of a fast Monte Carlo code as a secondary dose calculation engine for proton therapy with narrow beams. Biomed Phys Eng Express, 11;(4):. doi: 10.1088/2057-1976/ade9c8

15. Potiron S, Iturri L, Lamirault C, Dos Santos M, Corvino A, Fernandez-Rodriguez A, De Marzi L, Espenon J, Gilbert C, Juchaux M, Larcher T, Créhange G, Griffin R, Prezado Y. (2025 Nov 15). Dose Heterogeneity Reduces Radiation Oxygen Dependence in Both Tumor and Healthy Tissues: The Case of Proton Minibeam Radiation Therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 123;(4):1132-1145. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2025.06.3859

16. Prezado Y, Lamirault C, Jouglar E, Ahire V, Gilbert C, Espenon J, Bertho A, Iturri L, Pouzoulet F, de Marzi L, Patriarca A, Warfving N, Weber K, Juchaux M. (2025 Aug). Proton minibeam radiation therapy: A promising alternative for brain re-irradiations. Radiother Oncol, 209;():110980. doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2025.110980

17. Reaz F, Traneus E, Bassler N. (2025 Jun 27). Commissioning of a multislit collimator system for experimental pMBRT studies with uniform target dose. Phys Med Biol, 70;(13):. doi: 10.1088/1361-6560/ade04b

18. Wu W, Zhang W, Li J, Wang W, Lin Y, Li Q, Gao H. (2025 Jun). A carbon ion minibeam treatment planning method with scissor beams. Med Phys, 52;(6):3625-3634. doi: 10.1002/mp.17869

19. Herchko S, Yaddanapudi S, Wang CC. (2025 May 27). Design and validation of a minibeam treatment delivery system for use with a radiation therapy research platform. Biomed Phys Eng Express, 11;(4):. doi: 10.1088/2057-1976/adcf2c

20. Jouglar E, de Marzi L, Verrelle P, Créhange G, Ferrand R, Doz F, Prezado Y, Paoletti X. (2025 May). From pre-clinical studies to human treatment with proton-minibeam radiation therapy: adapted Idea, Development, Exploration, Assessment and Long-term evaluation (IDEAL) framework for innovation in radiotherapy. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol, 52;():100932. doi: 10.1016/j.ctro.2025.100932

21. Garcia DA, Fazzari JM, Hlushchuk R, Khoma OZ, Bakken KK, Burgenske DM, Lester SC, Mutter RW, Lucien F, Remmes NB, Sarkaria JN, Park SS, Djonov VG, Grams MP. (2025 Sep 1). Minibeam Radiation Therapy Valley Dose Determines Tolerance to Acute and Late Effects in the Mouse Oral Cavity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 123;(1):262-269. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2025.03.016

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minibeam physics

1. Dere K, Usta AC, Kurnaz RS, Lin L, Yang Y, Surucu M, Charyyev S. (2025). Are we overestimating proton minibeam therapy effectiveness through physical dose metrics? Front Oncol, 15;():1682511. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1682511

2. Lin Y, Wu W, Setianegara J, Wang A, Gerard N, Nys J, Gan G, Gao H. (2025 Dec 1). Advancing Proton Therapy: Integration of Minibeam Spatial Fractionation and FLASH Dose Rates. Res Sq, ;():. pii: rs.3.rs-8116270. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8116270/v1

SFRT biology

1. Fang Z, Zhou X, Zou P, Chen J, Chen X, Huang N, Gong C, Quan L, Tang J, Mi Y, Zhao S, Lang J, Chen M. (2025 Dec 18). Minibeam radiation therapy remodels tumor microenvironment and suppresses HIF-1α/VEGFR axis to overcome radioresistance in triple-negative breast cancer. NPJ Precis Oncol, 9;(1):401. doi: 10.1038/s41698-025-01178-z

2. Chen X, Yang M, Huang Y, Tu J, Cai Y, Yuan X. (2025). Molecular mechanisms underlying the abscopal effect induced by radiotherapy and its synergistic translational potential with immunotherapy. Ther Adv Med Oncol, 17;():17588359251387534. doi: 10.1177/17588359251387534

3. Arous D, Larsen Lie J, Jeppesen Edin NF, Malinen E. (2025 Oct 24). Integrating 2D dosimetry and cell survival analysis for predicting local effect in spatially fractionated radiotherapy. Acta Oncol, 64;():1465-1472. doi: 10.2340/1651-226X.2025.44599

4. Gualtieri P, Prebble A, Martin T, Griffin RJ, Boss MK, Leary D. (2025 Oct 10). Lattice radiation therapy for canine sinonasal carcinoma: feasibility study of spatially fractionated radiotherapy using volumetric modulated arc therapy. BMC Vet Res, 21;(1):598. doi: 10.1186/s12917-025-05030-1

5. Casteloes N, House CD, Tambasco M. (2025 May 7). A 3D Co-Culture Scaffold Approach to Assess Spatially Fractionated Radiotherapy Bystander and Abscopal Immune Effects on Clonogenic Survival. Int J Mol Sci, 26;(9):. doi: 10.3390/ijms26094436

6. Kaminaga K, Fukunaga H, Hirose E, Watanabe R, Suzuki K, Prise KM, Yokoya A. (2025 May 23). Time-lapse imaging of cells in spatially fractionated X-ray fields using a mini beam as an alternative to accelerator-based sub-millimeter beams. J Radiat Res, 66;(3):318-328. doi: 10.1093/jrr/rraf020

7. Fazzari J, Fernandez-Palomo C, Pellicioli P, Day L, Trappetti V, Lucien-Matteoni F, Kim Y, Mutter R, Park S, Grams M, Djonov V. (2025 Mar 10). Spatially fractionated minibeam radiation delivered at clinically feasible dose rates induces transient vascular permeability. Sci Rep, 15;(1):8210. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-87395-9

8. Bertho A, Graeff C, Ortiz R, Giorgi M, Schuy C, Juchaux M, Gilbert C, Espenon J, Oppermann J, Sokol O, Tinganelli W, Prezado Y. (2025 Mar 1). Carbon minibeam radiation therapy results in tumor growth delay in an osteosarcoma murine model. Sci Rep, 15;(1):7305. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-91872-6

9. Prezado Y, Lamirault C, Larcher T, Gilbert C, Espenon J, Patriarca A, de Marzi L, Corvino A, Ortiz R, Juchaux M. (2025 Apr). On the significance of peak dose in normal tissue toxicity in spatially fractionated radiotherapy: The case of proton minibeam radiation therapy. Radiother Oncol, 205;():110769. doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2025.110769

10. Khan AZ, Scholl CM, Henry JG, Basran PS. (2024 Nov 1). A Comparative Study on Radiosensitivity of Canine Osteosarcoma Cell Lines Subjected to Spatially Fractionated Radiotherapy. Radiat Res, 202;(5):745-751. doi: 10.1667/RADE-24-00168.1

11. Jagodinsky JC, Vera JM, Jin WJ, Shea AG, Clark PA, Sriramaneni RN, Havighurst TC, Chakravarthy I, Allawi RH, Kim K, Harari PM, Sondel PM, Newton MA, Crittenden MR, Gough MJ, Miller JR, Ong IM, Morris ZS. (2024 Sep 18). Intratumoral radiation dose heterogeneity augments antitumor immunity in mice and primes responses to checkpoint blockade. Sci Transl Med, 16;(765):eadk0642. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adk0642

12. Bekker RA, Obertopp N, Redler G, Penagaricano J, Caudell JJ, Yamoah K, Pilon-Thomas S, Moros EG, Enderling H. (2024 Sep 13). Spatially fractionated GRID radiation potentiates immune-mediated tumor control. Radiat Oncol, 19;(1):121. doi: 10.1186/s13014-024-02514-6

13. Lukas L, Zhang H, Cheng K, Epstein A. (2023 Dec). Immune Priming with Spatially Fractionated Radiation Therapy. Curr Oncol Rep, 25;(12):1483-1496. doi: 10.1007/s11912-023-01473-7

14. Chi MS, Tien DC, Chi KH. (2023). Inhomogeneously distributed ferroptosis with a high peak-to-valley ratio may improve the antitumor immune response. Front Oncol, 13;():1178681. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1178681

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18. Benkhaled S, Peters C, Jullian N, Arsenijevic T, Navez J, Van Gestel D, Moretti L, Van Laethem JL, Bouchart C. (2023 Jan 26). Combination, Modulation and Interplay of Modern Radiotherapy with the Tumor Microenvironment and Targeted Therapies in Pancreatic Cancer: Which Candidates to Boost Radiotherapy? Cancers (Basel), 15;(3):. doi: 10.3390/cancers15030768

19. Arous D, Lie JL, Håland BV, Børsting M, Edin NFJ, Malinen E. (2023 Jan 13). 2D mapping of radiation dose and clonogenic survival for accurate assessment ofin vitroX-ray GRID irradiation effects. Phys Med Biol, 68;(2):. doi: 10.1088/1361-6560/acaf20

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clinical

1. Fang J, Wang A, Yao Q, Liu X, Zhou W, Lang J. (2025). Spatially fractionated radiotherapy combined with CapeOX and bevacizumab for postoperative pulmonary metastasis from urachal carcinoma: a case report. Front Oncol, 15;():1688215. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1688215

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